Bhutan Clean and Green

We are North Texas' Eco-friendly cleaning service. Keep Green and Clean is family owned and operated business that offers the highest quality, professional home and commercial cleaning service available in North Texas. We individualize our cleaning services for you and your home. Your unique needs are important to us, and we will take the time to listen to your specific requests. From the moment you walk into your home, you will know that we have been there. We offer one-time, weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, occasionally, and move-in/move-out cleaning. Keep Green and Clean provides free in-house quotes, call or email today to get yours!! Whatever Matters!! Green and Clean Bhutan – A possibility ‘Keep Thimphu clean and green'- This is a message that many Thimphu residents read again and again. But, are we anywhere close to it? Thimphu is definitely not clean. Litters everywhere. Overflowing drains. 40 tonnes of waste a day is a lot – 85% of the waste being recyclable. Overflowing Memelakha. And no proper waste management system in place. A few ideas flung here and there – whether to employ a private firm to manage the wastes dig another landfill or buy an incinerator (which I don't really agree with). Make a decision and at least do something. Thimphu is not green either. May be a few roofs (I still remember the TCC's absurd regulation to paint the roofs green). Too few green spaces for people to enjoy. Neither a single energy efficient building (the BTF building in Taba may qualify as one) nor any efforts in this direction. The intra-city transportation system is still unattractive to many people. Too many gas-guzzlers. Proposal for electric trains and trams – I think we need more immediate, effective and simpler solutions. If Thimphu is any indicator, a green and clean Bhutan is definitely a distant, difficult dream. But we can achieve the dream if we tackle the problems head on. It is time for more action and less rhetoric. There are a few things that can be immediately done – 1. Make Civil Servants the ambassadors of a clean and green Bhutan – Everybody looks up to the civil servants in Bhutan. The Government should initiate the changes from within. Educate the civil servants on waste management and effective use of energy. Let them practice these things at home and in offices. The 17000 strong smart individuals can spread the messages more effectively to the general public. . Green Projects – The Government owns a large number of properties and vehicles. Evaluate if we are making efficient use of our office spaces? Are they energy efficient? Need we build more offices? And do we need many office vehicles? Make new infrastructures more environmentally friendly and energy efficient by using alternative building technologies and designs. The Environmentally Friendly Road Cons truction projects are some examples. We are building new towns – why cannot new towns like Denchi in Pema-Gatshel be designed as a green town? 3. Encourage the public – During the recent NA session, an MP said ‘attitude of people should change first, before leaving it to the concerned agencies to solve the problem'. This is indefensible. The government is the most able of all organizations and should take on the role of educating the public. If one channel of education doesn't work, try another. Encourage people to make/build their homes and offices environmentally friendly and energy efficient. There are many technologies available now. Provide financial incentives and technological assistance to procure them. The National Environment Protection Act 2007 provides for it. Allocate budget to make the provision 78 in the Act effective so that there is an uptake. We must not fall into the false sense of security that we live harmoniously with our environment and that we are doing enough because we have committed to maintain 60% of forest cover. The problems illustrated above are real and we risk being caught out sooner than later. Greener Way12 April, 2010 – A private firm has beaten the government to initiating a program to collect paper waste. The month-old firm called Greener Way has already collected seven tones of paper waste from various government agencies and schools. Its main objective is to save the environment, provide employment and keep Bhutan clean and green,† the owner of the firm, Kinga Om, said. The waste they collect will be sent to New Delhi, India. â€Å"It takes about 15 to 20 days to reach New Delhi through Jaigaon,† she said. Greener Way has sought all the 10 ministries’ help to collect paper waste. Kinga Om, a fresh graduate, said that, so far, most agencies Greener Way has approached have been cooperative and willing to bear the cost of the dustbins each of them would be using. Like any other private firm, Greener way also works seven days a week, from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm. So far, they have collected paper waste from the ministry of agriculture and forestry services. Rinchen high school, Rinchen Kuenphen primary school and the UNESCO (expand) office. Officiating chief forestry officer (CFO) at the nature conservation division said that they would also follow Greener Way and initiate the same by their ministry. â€Å"We’ll continue to support them and encourage such initiatives,† the officiating CFO said. Recycling is done to conserve on consumption of resources, energy and space used in landfills. Reports reveal that 90 percent of paper pulp is made from wood. Paper production accounts for about 35 percent of felled trees, and represents 1. 2 percent of world’s total economic output. It has been estimated that recycling half the world’s paper would avoid the harvesting of twenty million acres of forestland. The idea struck Kinga Om after four visits for research at Memelakha and finding out that 24 percent of waste is paper. It took about a month to set up their office near the automobile repair centre in Olakha, with help from Thimphu city cooperation (TCC), said Kinga Om. Before, the firm had a temporary junkyard at lower Motithang. Greener Way plans to set up branch offices in Gelephu, Samdrup jongkhar, Samtse, Thimphu and Chhukha. With the help of the education ministry, schools have been helping too. Rinchen high school was the first school to support in collecting paper waste. Greener Way will also be distributing its dustbins in Thimphu schools and later to rest of the schools in Bhutan within 10 days. Kinga Om has employed four university graduates and seven class XII graduates. â€Å"The toughest work is to collect waste from different places,† she said. â€Å"We request everyone in and around Bhutan not to throw paper waste but to collect it for us. †

Babylonian Mathematics Essay

1 Introduction Our first knowledge of mankind’s use of mathematics comes from the Egyptians and Babylonians. Both civilizations developed mathematics that was similar in scope but different in particulars. There can be no denying the fact that the totality of their mathematics was profoundly elementary2 , but their astronomy of later times did achieve a level comparable to the Greeks. Assyria 2 Basic Facts The Babylonian civilization has its roots dating to 4000BCE with the Sumerians in Mesopotamia. Yet little is known about the Sumerians. Sumer was first settled between 4500 and 4000 BC by a non-Semitic 1  °2002, c 2 Neugebauer, G. Donald Allen 1951 Babylonian Mathematics 2 people who did not speak the Sumerian language. These people now are called Ubaidians, for the village Al-Ubaid, where their remains were first uncovered. Even less is known about their mathematics. Of the little that is known, the Sumerians of the Mesopotamian valley built homes and temples and decorated them with artistic pottery and mosaics in geometric patterns. The Ubaidians were the first civilizing force in the region. They drained marshes for agriculture, developed trade and established industries including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery. The people called Sumerians, whose language prevailed in the territory, probably came from around Anatolia, probably arriving in Sumer about 3300 BC. For a brief chronological outline of Mesopotamia see http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/introduction/briefchonology.htm. See also  http://www.wsu.edu:8080/ËÅ"dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM for more detailed information. The early Sumerians did have writing for numbers as shown below. Owing to the scarcity of resources, the Sumerians adapted the ubiquitous clay in the region developing a writing that required the use of a stylus to carve into a soft clay tablet. It predated the 1 10 60 600 3,600 36,000 cuneiform (wedge) pattern of writing that the Sumerians had developed during the fourth millennium. It probably antedates the Egyptian hieroglyphic may have been the earliest form of written communication. The Babylonians, and other cultures including the Assyrians, and Hittites, inherited Sumerian law and literature and importantly their style of writing. Here we focus on the later period of the Mesopotamian civilization which engulfed the Sumerian civilization. The Mesopotamian civilizations are often called Babylonian, though this is not correct. Actually, Babylon3 was not the first great city, though the whole civilization is called Babylonian. Babylon, even during its existence, was not always 3 The first reference to the Babylon site of a temple occurs in about 2200 BCE. The name means â€Å"gate of God.† It became an independent city-state in 1894 BCE and Babylonia was the surrounding area. Its location is about 56 miles south of modern Baghdad. Babylonian Mathematics 3 the center of Mesopotamian culture. The region, at least that between the two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates, is also called Chaldea. The dates of the Mesopotamian civilizations date from 2000-600 BCE. Somewhat earlier we see the unification of local principates by powerful leaders — not unlike that in China. One of the most powerful was Sargon the Great (ca. 2276-2221 BC). Under his rule the region was forged into an empire called the dynasty of Akkad and the Akkadian language began to replace Sumerian. Vast public works, such as irrigation canals and embankment fortifications, were completed about this time. These were needed because of the nature of the geography combined with the need to feed a large population. Because the Trigris and Euphrates would flood in heavy rains and the clay soil was not very absorptive, such constructions were necessary if a large civilization was to flourish. Later in about 2218 BCE tribesmen from the eastern hills, the Gutians, overthrew Akkadian rule giving rise to the 3rd Dynasty of Ur. They ruled much of Mesopotamia. However, this dynasty was soon to perish by the influx of Elamites from the north, which eventually destroyed the city of Ur in about 2000 BC. These tribes took command of all the ancient cities and mixed with the local people. No city gained overall control until Hammurabi of Babylon (reigned about 1792-1750 BCE) united the country for a few years toward the end of his reign. The Babylonian â€Å"texts† come to us in the form of clay tablets, usually about the size of a hand. They were inscribed in cuneiform, a wedge-shaped writing owing its appearance to the stylus that was used to make it. Two types of mathematical tablets are generally found, table-texts and problem texts. Table-texts are just that, tables of values for some purpose, such as multiplication tables, weights and measures tables, reciprocal tables, and the like. Many of the table texts are clearly â€Å"school texts†, written by apprentice scribes. The second class of tab lets are concerned with the solutions or methods of solution to algebraic or geometrical problems. Some tables contain up to two hundred problems, of gradual increasing difficulty. No doubt, the role of the teacher was significant. Babylon fell to Cyrus of Persia in 538 BC, but the city was spared. Babylonian Mathematics 4 The Darius inscription on cliff near Bisotun The great empire was finished. However, another period of Babylonian mathematical history occurred in about 300BCE, when the Seleucids, successors of Alexander the Great came into command. The 300 year period has furnished a great number of astronomical records which are remarkably mathematical — comparable to Ptolemy’s Almagest. Mathematical texts though are rare from this period. This points to the acuity and survival of the mathematical texts from the old-Babylonian period (about 1800 to 1600 BCE), and it is the old period we will focus on. The use of cuneiform script formed a strong bond. Laws, tax accounts, stories, school lessons, personal letters were impressed on soft clay tablets and then were baked in the hot sun or in ovens. From one region, the site of ancient Nippur, there have been recovered some 50,000 tablets. Many university libraries have large collections of cuneiform tablets. The largest collections from t he Nippur excavations, for example, are to be found at Philadelphia, Jena, and Istanbul. All total, at least 500,000 tablets have been recovered to date. Even still, it is estimated that the vast bulk of existing tablets is still buried in the ruins of ancient cities. Babylonian Mathematics 5 Deciphering cuneiform succeeded the Egyptian hieroglyphic. Indeed, just as for hieroglyphics, the key to deciphering was a trilingual inscription found by a British office, Henry Rawlinson (1810-1895), stationed as an advisor to the Shah. In 516 BCE Darius the Great, who reigned in 522-486 BCE, caused a lasting monument4 to his rule to be engraved in bas relief on a 100 Ãâ€" 150 foot surface on a rock cliff, the â€Å"Mountain of the Gods† at Behistun5 at the foot of the Zagros Mountains in the Kermanshah region of modern Iran along the road between modern Hamadan (Iran) and Baghdad, near the town of Bisotun. In antiquity, the name of the village was Bagastà ¢na, which means ‘place where the gods dwell’. Like the Rosetta stone, it was inscribed in  three languages — Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian (Babylonian). However, all three were then unknown. Only because Old Persian has only 43 signs and had been the subject of serious investigation since the beginning of the century was the deciphering possible. Progress was very slow. Rawlinson was able to correctly assign correct values to 246 characters, and moreover, he discovered that the same sign could stand for different consonantal sounds, depending on the vowel that followed. (polyphony) It has only been in the 20th century that substantial publications have appeared. Rawlinson published the completed translation and grammar in 1846-1851. He was eventually knighted and served in parliament (1858, 1865-68). For more details on this inscription, see the article by Jona Lendering at http://www.livius.org/be-bm/behistun/behistun01.html. A translation is included. Babylonian Numbers 3 In mathematics, the Babylonians (Sumerians) were somewhat more advanced than the Egyptians. †¢ Their mathematical notation was positional but sexagesimal. to some sources, the actual events described in the monument took place between 522 and 520 BCE. 5 also spelled Bistoun  ¯  ¯ 4 According Babylonian Mathematics †¢ They used no zero. 6 †¢ More general fractions, though not all fractions, were admitted. †¢ They could extract square roots. †¢ They could solve linear systems. †¢ They worked with Pythagorean triples. †¢ They studied circular measurement. †¢ They solved cubic equations with the help of tables. †¢ Their geometry was sometimes incorrect. For enumeration the Babylonians used symbols for 1, 10, 60, 600, 3,600, 36,000, and 216,000, similar to the earlier period. Below are four of the symbols. They did arithmetic in base 60, sexagesimal. 1 10 60 600 Cuneiform numerals For our purposes we will use just the first two symbols ∠¨ = 1 ≠º = 10 All numbers will be formed from these. Example: Note the notation was positional and sexagesimal: ≠ºÃ¢â€° º ≠ºÃ¢â€° º= 20  · 60 + 20 ≠ºÃ¢â€° º ∠¨ ∠¨ ∠¨ = 57 ≠ºÃ¢â€° ºÃ¢â€° º ∠¨ ∠¨ ∠¨Ã¢Ë† ¨ ∠¨ ∠¨ ∠¨Ã¢Ë† ¨ ≠º ∠¨ = 2  · 602 + 2  · 60 + 21 = 7, 331 The story is a little more complicated. A few shortcuts or abbreviation were allowed, many originating in the Seleucid period. Other Babylonian Mathematics 7 devices for representing numbers were used. Below see how the number 19 was expressed. Three ways to express the number 19 = 19 Old Babylonian. The symbol means subtraction. = 19 Formal = 19 Cursive form Seleucid Period(c. 320 BC to c. 620 AD) The horizontal symbol above the â€Å"1† designated subtraction. There is no clear reason why the Babylonians selected the sexagesimal system6 . It was  possibly selected in the interest of metrology, this according to Theon of Alexandria, a commentator of the fourth century A.D.: i.e. the values 2,3,5,10,12,15,20, and 30 all divide 60. Remnants still exist today with time and angular measurement. However, a number of theories have been posited for the Babylonians choosing the base of 60. For example7 1. The number of days, 360, in a year gave rise to the subdivision of the circle into 360 degrees, and that the chord of one sixth of a circle is equal to the radius gave rise to a natural division of the circle into six equal parts. This in turn made 60 a natural unit of counting. (Moritz Cantor, 1880) 2. The Babylonians used a 12 hour clock, with 60 minute hours. That is, two of our minutes is one minute for the Babylonians. (Lehmann-Haupt, 1889) Moreover, the (Mesopotamian) zodiac was divided into twelve equal sectors of 30 degrees each. 3. The base 60 provided a convenient way to express fractions from a variety of systems as may be needed in conversion of weights and measures. In the Egyptian system, we have seen the values 1/1, 1/2, 2/3, 1, 2, . . . , 10. Combining we see the factor of 6 needed in the denominator of fractions. This with the base 10 gives 60 as the base of the new system. (Neugebauer, 1927) 4. The number 60 is the product of the number of planets (5 known at the time) by the number of months in the year, 12. (D. J. Boorstin, 6 Recall, 7 See the very early use of the sexagesimal system in China. There may well be a connection. Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers, Wiley, New York, 2000. Babylonian Mathematics 1986) 8 5. The combination of the duodecimal system (base 12) and the base 10 system leads naturally to a base 60 system. Moreover, duodecimal systems have their remnants even today where we count some commodities such as eggs by the dozen. The English system of fluid measurement has numerous base twelve values. As we see in the charts below, the base twelve (base 3, 6?) and base two graduations are mixed. Similar values exist in the ancient Roman,  Sumerian, and Assyrian measurements. teaspoon tablespoon 1 teaspoon = 1 tablespoon = 1 fluid ounce = 1 gill = 1 cup = 1 pint = 1 quart = 1 gallon = 1 firkin = 1 hogshead = 1 3 6 24 48 96 192 768 6912 48384 inch 1 inch = 1 foot = 1 yard = 1 mile = 1 12 36 — fluid ounce 1/6 1/2 1 4 8 16 32 128 1152 8064 1/3 1 2 8 16 32 64 256 2304 16128 foot 1/12 1 3 5280 yard 1/36 1/3 1 1760 Note that missing in the first column of the liquid/dry measurement table is the important cooking measure 1/4 cup, which equals 12 teaspoons. 6. The explanations above have the common factor of attempting to give a plausibility argument based on some particular aspect of their society. Having witnessed various systems evolve in modern times, we are tempted to conjecture that a certain arbitrariness may be at work. To create or impose a number system and make it apply to an entire civilization must have been the work of a political system of great power and centralization. (We need only consider the failed American attempt to go metric beginning in 1971. See, http://lamar.colostate.edu/ hillger/dates.htm) The decision to adapt Babylonian Mathematics 9 the base may have been may been made by a ruler with little more than the advice merchants or generals with some vested need. Alternatively, with the consolidation of power in Sumeria, there may have been competing systems of measurement. Perhaps, the base 60 was chosen as a compromise. Because of the large base, multiplication was carried out with the aide of a table. Yet, there is no table of such a magnitude. Instead there are tables up to 20 and then selected values greater (i.e. 30, 40, and 50). The practitioner would be expected to decompose the number into a sum of smaller numbers and use multiplicative distributivity. A positional fault Which is it? ≠º ≠º = 10  · 60 + 10 = 10  · 602 + 10 = 3, 610 10 = 10 + 60 = 20() 1. There is no â€Å"gap†Ã‚  designator. 2. There is a true floating point — its location is undetermined except from context. ? The â€Å"gap† problem was overcome in the Seleucid period with the invention of a â€Å"zero† as a gap separator. We use the notation: d1 ; d2 , d3 , . . . = d1 + d2 d3 + 2 +  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 60 60 The values d1 ; d2 , d3 , d4 , . . . are all integers. Example ∠¨ ≠º ∠¨Ã¢Ë† ¨ ≠ºÃ¢â€° º ≠º ∠¨ ≠º ≠º ∠¨Ã¢Ë† ¨ ≠ºÃ¢â€° º 1; 24, 51, 10 = 1 + 24 51 10 + 2+ 3 60 60 60 = 1.41421296 Babylonian Mathematics 10 This number was found on the Old Babylonian Tablet (Yale Collection √ #7289) and is a very high precision estimate of 2. We will continue this discussion shortly, conjecturing on how such precision may have been obtained. The exact value of √ 2, to 8 decimal places is = 1.41421356. Fractions. Generally the only fractions permitted were such as 2 3 5 12 , , , , †¦ 60 60 60 60 because the sexagesimal expression was known. For example, 1 10 = = ;≠º 6 60 1 ∠¨ ∠¨ ∠¨ ≠ºÃ¢â€° º =; , 9 ∠¨ ∠¨ ∠¨ ≠ºÃ¢â€° º 1 Irregular fractions such as 1 , 11 , etc were not normally not used. 7 There are some tablets that remark, â€Å"7 does not divide†, or â€Å"11 does not divide†, etc. A table of all products equal to sixty has been found. 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 30 20 15 12 10 7,30 6,40 6 5 4 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36 40 3, 45 3,20 3 2,30 2,25 2,13,20 2 1;52,30 1,40 1,30 Babylonian Mathematics You can see, for example that 8 Ãâ€" 7; 30 = 8 Ãâ€" (7 + 30 ) = 60 60 11 Note that we did not use the separatrix â€Å";† here. This is because the table is also used for reciprocals. Thus 7 30 1 = 0; 7, 30 = + 2 8 60 60 Contextual interpretation was critical. Remark. The corresponding table for our decimal system is shown below. Included also are the columns with 1 and the base 10. The product relation and the decimal expansion relations are valid in base 10. 1 2 5 10 10 5 2 1 Two tablets found in 1854 at Senkerah on the Euphrates date from 2000 B.C. They give squares of the numbers up to 59 and cubes up to 32. The Babylonians used the formula xy = ((x + y)2 − (x − y)2 )/4 to assist in multiplication. Division relied on multiplication, i.e. 1 x =x · y y There apparently was no long division. The Babylonians knew some approximations of irregular fractions. 1 =; 1, 1, 1 59 1 =; 0, 59, 0, 59 61 However, they do not appear to have noticed infinite periodic expansions.8 the decimal system, the analogous values are 1 = 0.1111 . . . and 9 Note the use of the units â€Å"0† here but not for the sexagesimal. Why? 8 In 1 11 = 0.090909 . . .. Babylonian Mathematics 12 They also seemed to have an elementary knowledge of logarithms. That is to say there are texts which concern the determination of the exponents of given numbers. 4 Babylonian Algebra In Greek mathematics there is a clear distinction between the geometric and algebraic. Overwhelmingly, the Greeks assumed a geometric position wherever possible. Only in the later work of Diophantus do we see algebraic methods of significance. On the other hand, the Babylonians assumed just as definitely, an algebraic viewpoint. They allowed operations that were forbidden in Greek mathematics and even later until the 16th century of our own era. For example, they would freely multiply areas and lengths, demonstrating that the units were of less importance. Their methods of designating unknowns, however, does invoke units. First, mathematical expression was strictly rhetorical, symbolism would not come for another two millenia with Diophantus, and then not significantly until Vieta in the 16th century. For example, the designation of the unknown was length. The designation of the square of the unknown was area. In solving linear systems of two dimensions, the unknowns were length and breadth, and length, breadth, and width for three dimensions. √ Square Roots. Recall the approximation of 2. How did they get it? There are two possibilities: (1) Applying the method of the mean. (2) Applying the approximation √ b a2  ± b ≈ a  ± 2a Babylonian Mathematics 13 Yale Babylonian Collection 1;24,51,10 30 42;25,35 Square with side 30 The product of 30 by 1;24,51,10 is precisely 42;25,35. Method of the mean. The method of the mean can easily be used to find the square root of any number. The idea is simple: to find the square root of 2, say, select x as a first approximation and take for another 2/x. The product of the two numbers is of course 2, and moreover, one must be less than and the other greater  than 2. Take the √ arithmetic average to get a value closer to 2. Precisely, we have 1. Take a = a1 as an initial approximation. √ √ 2. Idea: If a1 < 2 then a21 > 2. Babylonian Mathematics 3. So take a2 = (a1 + 4. Repeat the process. Example. Take a1 = 1. Then we have 2 3 a2 = (1 + )/2 = 1 2 2 17 3 )/2 = 1.41666†¦ = a3 = ( + 2 3/2 12 17 2 577 a4 = ( + )/2 = 12 17/12 408 14 2 )/2. a1 Now carry out this process in sexagesimal, beginning with a1 = 1; 25 using Babylonian arithmetic without rounding, to get the value 1;24,51,10. √ à º Note: 2=1; 25 = 1.4166†¦ was commonly used as a brief, rough and ready, approximation. When using sexagesimal numbering, a lot of information can be compressed into one place. Solving Quadratics. The Babylonian method for solving quadratics is essentially based on completing the square. The method(s) are not as â€Å"clean† as the modern quadratic formula, because the Babylonians allowed only positive solutions. Thus equations always were set in a form for which there was a positive solution. Negative solutions (indeed negative numbers) would not be allowed until the 16th century CE. The rhetorical method of writing a problem does not require variables. As such problems have a rather intuitive feel. Anyone could understand the problem, but without the proper tools, the solution would be impossibly difficult. No doubt this rendered a sense of the mystic to the mathematician. Consider this example I added twice the side to the square; the result is 2,51,60. What is the side? In modern terms we have the simple quadratic x2 + 2x = 10300. The student would then follow his â€Å"template† for quadratics. This template was the solution of a specific problem of the correct mathematical Babylonian Mathematics 15 type, all written rhetorically. Here is a typical example given in terms of modern variables. Problem. Solve x(x + p) = q. Solution. Set y = x + p Then we have the system xy = q y−x = p This gives 4xy + (y − x)2 = p2 + 4q (y + x)2 = p2 + 4q x+y = 2x + p = q q p2 + 4q p2 + 4q √ −p + p2 + 4q x = 2 All three forms x2 + px = q x2 = px + q x2 + q = px are solved similarly. The third is solved by equating it to the nonlinear system, x + y = p, xy = q. The student’s task would be to take the problem at hand and determine which of the forms was appropriate and then to solve it by a prescribed method. What we do not know is if the student was ever instructed in principles of solution, in this case completing the square. Or was mathematical training essentially static, with solution methods available for each and every problem that the practitioner would encounter. It is striking that these methods date back 4,000 years! Solving Cubics. The Babylonians even managed to solve cubic equations, though again only those having positive solutions. However, the form of the equation was restricted tightly. For example, solving x3 = a Babylonian Mathematics was accomplished using tables and interpolation. Mixed cubics x3 + x2 = a were also solved using tables and interpolation. The general cubic ax3 + bx2 + cx = d can be reduced to the normal form y 3 + ey 2 = g 16 To do this one needs to solve a quadratic, which the Babylonians could do. But did the Babylonians know this reduction? The Babylonians must have had extraordinary manipulative skills and as well a maturity and flexibility of algebraic skills. Solving linear systems. The solution of linear systems  were solved in a particularly clever way, reducing a problem of two variables to one variable in a sort of elimination process, vaguely reminiscent of Gaussian elimination. Solve 2 1 x − y = 500 3 2 x + y = 1800 Solution. Select x = y such that ËÅ" ËÅ" x + y = 2ËÅ" = 1800 ËÅ" ËÅ" x So, x = 900. Now make the model ËÅ" x=x+d ËÅ" We get y =y−d ËÅ" 1 2 (900 + d) − (900 − d) = 500 3 2 2 1 ( + )d + 1800/3 − 900/2 = 500 3 2 7 d = 500 − 150 6 6(350) d = 7 So, d = 300 and thus x = 1200 y = 600. Babylonian Mathematics 17 Plimpton 322 tablet Yale Babylonian collection Pythagorean Triples. 5 As we have seen there is solid evidence that the ancient Chinese were aware of the Pythagorean theorem, even though they may not have had anything near to a proof. The Babylonians, too, had such an awareness. Indeed, the evidence here is very much stronger, for an entire tablet of Pythagoreantriples has been discovered. The events surrounding them reads much like a modern detective story, with the sleuth being archaeologist Otto Neugebauer. We begin in about 1945 with the Plimpton 322 tablet, which is now the Babylonian collection at Yale University, and dates from about 1700 BCE. It appears to have the left section Babylonian Mathematics 18 broken away. Indeed, the presence of glue on the broken edge indicates that it was broken after excavation. What the tablet contains is fifteen rows of numbers, numbered from 1 to 15. Below we list a few of them in decimal form. The first column is descending numerically. The deciphering of what they mean is due mainly to Otto Neugebauer in about 1945. 1.9834†¦ 1.94915 . . . 1.38716 119 169 3367 4825 56 1 2 106 15 Interpreting Plimpton 322. To see what it means, we need a model right triangle. Write the Pythagorean triples, the edge b in the column thought to be severed from the tablet. Note that they are listed c B a b decreasing cosecant. b (c/b)2 120 (169/120)2 3456 (4825/3456)2 . . . 90 (106/90)2 Right Triangle a c 119 169 3367 4825 56 106 1 2 15 c csc2 B = ( )2 b A curious fact is that the tablet contains a few errors, no doubt transcription errors made so many centuries ago. How did the Babylonian mathematicians determine these triples? Why were they listed in this order? Assuming they knew the Pythagorean relation a2 + b2 = c2 , divide by b to get c a ( )2 + 1 = ( )2 b b Babylonian Mathematics u2 + 1 = v 2 (u − v)(u + v) = 1 Choose u + v and find u − v in the table of reciprocals. 19 Example. Take u + v=2;15. Then u − v = 0; 26, 60 Solve for u and v to get u = 0; 54, 10 v = 1; 20, 50. Multiply by an appropriate integer to clear the fraction. We get a = 65, c = 97. So b = 72. This is line 5 of the table. It is tempting to think that there must have been known general principles,  nothing short of a theory, but all that has been discovered are tablets of specific numbers and worked problems. 6 Babylonian Geometry Circular Measurement. We find that the Babylonians used Ï€ = 3 for practical computation. But, in 1936 at Susa (captured by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE), a number of tablets with significant geometric results were unearthed. One tablet compares the areas and the squares Babylonian Mathematics 20 of the sides of the regular polygons of three to seven sides. For example, there is the approximation perimeter hexagon = 0; 57, 36 circumference circumscribed circle This gives an effective Ï€ ≈ 3 1 . (Not bad.) 8 Volumes. There are two forms for the volume of a frustum given Frustum b b h a a V V a+b 2 )h ÃÆ'2 ! a+b 2 1 a−b 2 = h ( ) − ( ) 2 3 2 = ( The second is correct, the first is not. There are many geometric problems in the cuneiform texts. For example, the Babylonians were aware that †¢ The altitude of an isosceles triangle bisects the base. †¢ An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. (Thales) 7 Summary of Babylonian Mathematics That Babylonian mathematics may seem to be further advanced than that of Egypt may be due to the evidence available. So, even though Babylonian Mathematics 21 we see the development as being more general and somewhat broader in scope, there remain many similarities. For example, problems contain only specific cases. There seem to be no general formulations. The lack of notation is clearly detrimental in the handling of algebraic problems. There is an absence of clear cut distinctions between exact and approximate results. Geometric considerations play a very secondary role in Babylonian algebra, even though geometric terminology may be used. Areas and lengths are freely added, something that would not be possible in Greek mathematics. Overall, the role of geometry is diminished in comparison with algebraic and numerical methods. Questions about solvability or insolvability are absent. The concept of â€Å"proof† is unclear and uncertain. Overall, there is no sense of abstraction. In sum, Babylonian mathematics, like that of the Egyptians, is mostly utilitarian — but apparently more advanced. Exercises 1. Express the numbers 7 6, 234, 1265, and 87,432 in sexagesimal. 2. Compute the products (a) 1, 23 Ãâ€" 2, 9 (b) 2, 4, 23 Ãâ€" 3, 34 8 3. A problem on one Babylonian tablets give the base and top of an isosceles trapezoid to be 50 and 40 respectively and the side length to be 30. Find the altitude and area. Can this be done without the Pythagorean theorem? 4. Solve the following system ala the Babylonian â€Å"false position†  ´ method. State clearly what steps you are taking. 2x + 3y = 1600 5x + 4y = 2600 (The solution is (200, 400).) Babylonian Mathematics 22 5. Generalize this Babylonian algorithm for solving linear systems to arbitrary linear systems in two variables? 6. Generalize this Babylonian algorithm for solving linear systems to arbitrary linear systems? √ 7. Modify the Babylonian root finding method (for 2) to find√ the square root of any number. Use your method to approximate 3. Begin with x0 = 1. √ 8. Explain how to adapt the method of the mean to determine 3 2. n n3 + n2 1 2 2 12 9. Consider the table: 3 36 Solve the following prob4 80 150 5 6 252 lems using this table and linear interpolation. Compare with the exact values. (You can obtain the exact solutions, for example, by using Maple: evalf(solve(x3 + x2 = a, x)); Here a=the right side) (a) x3 + x2 = 55 (b) x3 + x2 = 257 10. Show that the general cubic ax3 + bx2 + cx = d can be reduced to the normal form y 3 + ey 2 = g. 11. Show how the perimeter identity is used to derive the approximation for Ï€. 12. Write a lesson plan wherein you show students how to factor quadratics ala the Babylonian methods. You may use variables,  ´ but not general formulas.

SWOT analysis of Apple Computers, Inc Research Paper

SWOT analysis of Apple Computers, Inc - Research Paper Example Apple Computers Inc is a Cupertino, California based company which has brought about a whole change in the history of computers. It has history relating to the 1970s as it came into being in the 1976. It has brought major changes in the design of the computers and since then made their way to success. The company made some major changes in the field of computers by introducing Macintosh (Williams, 2007). Till now it has developed some major features in the field of computers and these features are supposedly taken as granted by the consumers. Graphical User Interface is one important feature in the computers designed by Apple Computers Inc. The company has even saw downfalls in the 90s when it did not license it technology and the shares of the company fell to as low as 2%. However after a certain period of time Apple Computers Inc has began to rise and has made several products so as to bring a revolution in the computer world. This essay would further present a SWOT analysis of the multinational and would figure out possible recommendations for my own company to play a larger role in the field of computers today (Scott, 2008). -The wide variety of products designed by Apple has given them greater market variety over other competitors. It has not only entered the arena of computers but also of digital music and a music player known as Ipod designed by them has increased their profits by a greater share (Levy, 2006). And as they have developed a likeness for their brand their Macintosh computers are also sold excessively throughout the world. The variety of notebooks is also a plus feature for Apple inc as because of brand likeness the notebooks are also sold excessively throughout. The variety of Apple in terms of products gives them a particular edge of strength over other competitors (Williams, 2007). -Brand Loyalty to the brand has also increased as they have entered a set of new features in this world. Many of the customers trust the product designed by the brand and this boosts the increase in the sales of the brand. Brand Loyalty helps Apple to not only recruit the customers but also make them come back in future for products. These customers are then offered new products and this boosts the overall cycle of sales (Williams, 2007). -The state of art products designed by Apple Inc even attracts new customers towards its brand. The art of having stylish designs makes Apple have an edge over other competitors. The design qualities can also be counted in the strengths of the organization as most of the products launched by Apple are stylish. The design of the Apple products helps it to attract more customers towards the brand (Apple Computer Corporation) -Apple Inc has successfully invested in research and development schemes which enter the local market and find out what exactly the people are in need of. This helps them to develop a product which is the need of the market. The demand of the people is strictly met by the organization of Apple when launching new products. This can be counted as a major strength too as research and development department play important role in improving the image of a certain company. It helps them to develop a product of such sort that it is liked by everyone (Apple Computer Corporation). -The marketing scheme of Apple is widely applauded as it is

Leaders as agents of Socialization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leaders as agents of Socialization - Term Paper Example That is, the gradual shift from an unfavorable environment to a more favorable one has the likelihood to reshape the initial cognitive cycle of the child, thereby emphasizing the role that conscious educational environments could create for the child. Essentially, inequality in educational achievement has been attributed majorly to the physical environment that the child grows in. The cultural capital theory helps to explain disparities in educational attainment based on the environmental setup that children grow in (Meyer, 2007). Intellectual ability is assessed through educational attainment of individuals. However, the interaction between such achievement and the socialization has prompted wide research into the impacts of social structures on the individual’s ability to socialize (loosely translated into the ability to interact freely and intelligently with other members of a social setup). Socialization is a key factor in the determination of the skill development in young children. Consequently, a great deal of attention has been concentrated to understanding how cultures create a social structure, and how such structures affect the ability to socialize (Turner, 2006). From the dimension of a school leader, the above argument presents a state to redefine the way children socialize. That is, irrespective of their cultural background. The leader aims at creating a supportive environment that recognizes the existence of each member of a society, and attempts to genuinely offer them equal opportunity to develop their social skills. In order to address the disparities between various members of a community, it is essential to create a transformative environment that will enable convergence of interests and encourage those who are seen to be underprivileged to come out more boldly and confront their past misgivings. The transformation environment created by a school leader cannot be complete without

Jesus and Mohammed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jesus and Mohammed - Essay Example The lives and deaths of these two individuals had a tremendous impact on their respective religions. On the one hand, Jesus' death was essential to the central doctrine of Christianity whereby Christ is believed to have died in order to save God's children from their sins. On the other hand, Mohammed's life was more important than his death in terms of spreading Islam, as he became the leader of an effort to spread the doctrine of the new religion based upon God's revelations that were believed to have been communicated to him through the Angel Gabriel. Jesus did not purport to espouse a new religion, but rather sought to teach a new covenant of Judaism whereby God's will would become clearer to his fellow Jews. It was Jesus' followers after his death that spread the teachings and the story of his life, death and resurrection as a distinct religion from Judaism in its own right. By contrast, Mohammed, with knowledge of the new Christian religion and its Jewish precursor, affirmatively sought to establish and aggressively spread Islam as a new religion during his own life. Thus, the lives of Jesus and Mohammed had a wholly different kind of influence on the religions each spawned. The lives of JThe Lives and Teachings of Jesus and Mohammed The lives of Jesus and Mohammed were marked by some very key and fundamental differences. The choices both individuals made regarding their lifestyles and their teachings evidenced dramatically different attitudes and values pertaining to violence, sin and repentance, the place of women, and their overall views regarding the will of God. Their teachings and example are so profoundly different that it may be difficult to understand how they can both purport to convey the word and will of the same God. Even their dying words illustrate a quite different attitude toward nonbelievers, with Jesus praying that they be forgiven "for they know not what they do," while Mohammed cursed and blamed the Jews and Christians upon his death for building "the places of worship at the graves of the prophets" (http://answering-islam.org.uk/Silas/founders.htm). Essentially, the attitude both men had toward those whom they perceived as misguided nonbelievers were exactly the opposite in tone. "Christ asks God to forgive His enemies, while Muhammad utters a bitter curse against those who rejected his assertion of prophethood." Their views on slavery were also fundamentally different. Jesus did not own slaves, and the New Testament specifically lists the trading of slaves as being criminal in nature. 1 Timothy 1:8-10 states, "law is made not for the righteous but for lawbreakers and rebels, the ungodly and sinful, the unholy and irreligious; for those who kill their fathers or mothers, for murderers, for adulterers and perverts, for slave traders and liars and perjurers..." The so-called "Golden Rule" of the Gospel of Luke (6:31), whereby Jesus teaches to "do to others as you would have them do to you," could also be construed as a directive against enslaving people. By contrast, Mohammed owned many slaves and specifically condoned their less than dignified treatment. The Koran is replete with examples of Mohammed's practice of enslaving many different types of people, and condoning the mistreatment of them. For example:

Trust between a child and his caregiver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trust between a child and his caregiver - Essay Example This paper aims to highlight that once the trust between a child and his caregiver is broken then it becomes difficult to earn that trust back. Whatever the children see, notice, and hear they adopt it and store it in their minds. Therefore the factor of trust is crucial one between a child and a caregiver. Children are good observers; they carefully notice and observe what is happening around them. They often catch what we say and store them in their mind. The case of Christopher from the text is a good example of this relationship between a child and his caregiver i.e. his father. The case of Christopher is not an ordinary one, he needs more attention and care than other children as he has some issues and his brain does not work properly. He lives with his father who is not happy with his habit of eating everything and pooping on the floor or anywhere. While Christopher is trying to build trust between him and his father, his father tells him something astonishing. He tells him that he had murdered someone and that he lied to him. However, his father wants Christopher to trust him now. Christopher calculates in his mind t hat since he lied to him already and he had murdered someone, therefore, he might murder Christopher as well and he should not trust him. Thinking in this manner led Christopher to plan an escape from the house as he is frightened of being murdered (Haddon). Just like Christopher, we had a neighbor who had two children. The parents used to go to office while caregiver looked after them and used to pick and drop them from their school. One afternoon on their way back from the school the caregiver accidentally hit on a pole. Children were frightened, although no one was injured. Despite of being with him and travelling with him for more than 1.5 years, the children never drove with him again because they did not trust him anymore and were frightened like Christopher. Both the examples from the

Is business collaboration, rather than market competition, becoming Essay

Is business collaboration, rather than market competition, becoming the key to success Discuss in relation to two sectors - Essay Example Townsend and Shelley (2008) opined that, competition and collaboration exists in a business side by side and provides interdepartmental competition within the collaborative organizations. In many times it has been proven that, collaboration with the rival firms creates stronger business even with apparent competitor. In the current business scenario, getting away from the competition is quite tough. A business cannot resist itself from entering into a market competition. But collaboration is more active to inject aviation and fitness within an industry, more importantly in providing better experience to the customer. Organizations those are not able to form collaboration, are not much effective to encourage innovation towards the business growth and strategic capabilities. As businesses are becoming more close to the global world, collaboration is becoming increasingly important to ensure long term existence. The two industries where business collaboration can be experienced and observed in plenty are the IT industry and the Automobile industry. Collaboration among the IT industries has resulted to deliver IT based solution that are more flexible and tailored to meet changing business and customer’s needs. Examples of collaboration in IT sectors are Microsoft to Nokia, Google to Motorola etc. On the other hand, focusing on the collaboration technique, Auto mobile industries also gained high production capacity and margin to the high volume. Some major collaboration that already has taken place in automobile industry is general motor to PSU, Tata to Jaguar etc. Undoubtedly, collaborative strategy and dynamic is more effective in comparison to competition to provide innovation and business growth. Collaboration is more appropriate to competition in creating better future for a business. Ring et al. (1994) opted that, global competition may send a business to the outer space from the industry, but

Dimensions of Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dimensions of Health - Essay Example Even with ongoing debate for and against the definition proposed by WHO, it is clear from this definition that health is an entity with multiple dimensions. This definition envisages three specific dimensions, the physical, mental, and social. These dimensions appear separate, but in reality, they are dynamic and interact with each other. Human behaviour is a common theme in human health. Human behaviour is the resultant of physical and mental factors interacting in complicated ways. The broad categories of factors that may influence individual health behaviour include knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes, skills, finance, time, and many others. It is important to give serious considerations to the social context, a particular behaviour occurs. Health behaviour refers to those activities that an individual undertakes to avoid disease. These behaviours are dependent on the environmental contexts as well as on emotions and feelings. Most importantly, health behaviour depends on the he alth needs (Hawks et al., 2008, 319-324). Attitudes are acquired characteristics of an individual that are considered to be more or less permanent ways of behaving. An attitude contains three components, a cognitive or knowledge element, an affective or feeling element, and a tendency to action. Thus attitude can be defined as a relatively enduring organization of beliefs around an object, subject, or concept that predisposes to a response in a preferential manner. Most human beings learn attitudes from social interactions, and once they are formed, it is very difficult to change. In the recent time, attitudes are being recognized as very important determinants of health behaviours, and consequently, psychologists and health care professionals are increasingly dwelling on attitude surveys and attitude measurements, since it is becoming clear that healthy attitudes gravitate from parents, teachers, religious leaders, and elders (Nielsen et al., 2004, 28-32). The beliefs and attributions that people hold can influence their health. This can influence health by affecting their behaviour such as food habits and by a direct influence on the physiological system. Although these two modes are not mutually exclusive for the patient, and there is another set of health beliefs and attributions from the health professionals that can affect the health of individuals. These beliefs may influence health decisions and also influence patients' cognitions. Healthcare professionals may influence the beliefs and attributions, hence behaviour of patients by giving them information and through expression of their beliefs about the patient's health and the best way to overcome a particular health problem. Hence health professionals' beliefs about a disease and its management are large factors in influencing the values of the patients and their approaches to the management of illness (O'hea et al., 2005, 705-717). Values are traits such as honesty, loyalty, intelligence, or talent. This is a set of instrumental values. The other conceptions of values as traits include instrumental and expressive tendencies. Values have also been defined as need strengths including achievement, affiliation, and dominance. The contemporary values point towards a person's value-directed preference for quality rather than quantity of life. The values ascertain the strength of

Information report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information report - Essay Example There are several languages used by the Indians such as Hindi and English. However, Hindi is the official and national language of the people (Manian 238). English is just a language of the few elites from other nations like the UK or the US. It, thus, became quite challenging for us to communicate with most people whom we required their labor. We needed workers who could handle some parts of our projects like removing dike from the construction sites to various landfills. India is also a place where hierarchy is considered an important political element. It plays a key role in governing the behaviors of people in India, as well as, the responsibility of every person in the Indian society. Hinduism and caste system in the region outline the roles of every person. I managed to notice that in our company, manual labor could only done by a â€Å"peon.† An absence of the peon will mean no manual work done. This is a waste of time for most construction firms in India, including ours. Carrying out a business activity in India, including engineering, requires one to know the basic etiquettes in greeting and meeting. Indians are well known with the use of Namaste in their greetings. In this case, people bring their palms together, mainly at the chest level with a slight head bow (Waters 109). Indians are also popular by modification and changing of names for individuals whom they consider their guests or visitors from abroad. Any guest bearing the name, Singh will be called Sikh (Bose 53). In addition to that, receiving and issue of any material in an Indian community must be done using the right hand; using the left hand is a show of disrespect to the other party. Generally doing business in India requires certain important considerations before and few days after the entry into the country. Since English is the international language used in commerce, it is recommended that translation service be

Library and Its Uses Essay Example for Free

Library and Its Uses Essay The root-meaning of the word library is a room or building containing a collection of books for reading. But as there are now circulating or travelling libraries in many countries, the world has undergone a change in its meaning. By the word now indicated a collection of books for reading or reference; Different kinds of libraries: There are kinds of libraries personal, public and institutional. Personal library A personal library is one which belongs to a private person, generally of sufficient means. Such libraries grow out of such person’s taste for knowledge and, sometimes, for fashion. There are, of course, small scale private libraries owned by solvent lawyers, educationists and persons of literary taste. But such libraries contain books on some particular subject or subjects chosen according to the taste and interest of their owners. Public library A public library is one which is open to the public. In order to cater to the taste and interest of all classes of people, a public library has to contain books on different subjects and varieties. Such libraries may be seen in large numbers in every country. Most of these libraries are managed or subsidized by their states. The British Museum library of London and the Central library of Moscow are instances of public libraries. Again, many such libraries have been set up in England and America by philanthropic people like Mr. Carnegie, the American millionaire. Institutional library An institutional library is one which belongs to an institution such as a university, a college, a school, a chamber of commerce, a club or a governmental department. Such a library is open to the members of the institution concerned and, therefore, generally contains hooks which are needed by them most. Importance of library As acquisition of knowledge depends mostly on reading, man has to read as necessarily as he has to eat. It adds to what he has already learnt and makes him strong and fit for rude battle of life. But for financial difficulties most of the persons who are keen on reading cannot purchase the books they need to read. Hence arises the importance of libraries. Had there been no libraries, both public and institutional, such persons would have been deprived of their reading. The teachers and the students, in like manner, would be badly affected if their institutions had no libraries of their own. Conclusion Libraries attract people to read and thus create the habit of reading and- stimulate the thirst for more and more knowledge. But for the libraries, there would be no authors, no poets, and no thinkers. The libraries thus help in the advancement of learning and expansion of knowledge. The library has another very important use. No research work is possible without a well equipped library containing valuable books of all ages, rare manuscripts and old records. A library of this type is thus of incalculable help in throwing light on unearthed subjects. Time passes in an unbroken continuity as does the water of the river. The books of the libraries are a record of this continuity. They thus enable us to know how human society has developed in thought and action step by step.

Effects of Federal Funding to States

Effects of Federal Funding to States Federal Funding to the States and Local Governments: Effect on the United States Taylor, Public Finance Abstract When researching I focused mainly on the different ways federal funding affected the government as a whole. I looked at how it affected governments on the national, state, and local levels. Then I established my research question is federal funding good for the United States? While researching this I found out there are two main sides to federal funding, the advocates and the critics, and that each has its own valid points and reasons for supporting or not supporting this idea. I found the current national debt, several court cases involving the US government infringing upon the rights of its citizens, and the four different types of grants the federal government uses in its giving of money and resources. Based upon the information I gathered conducting my research it is clear that federal funding from the national government to the states and local governments can be detrimental to the health of this country. Keywords: federal funds, grants, national debt Federal Funding to State and Local Governments Federal Funding in the US A new trend has been developing in the modern government recently. Federal funding to state programs and governments has been steadily increasing over the past years. According to Elmendorf (2013) health grants to the states and local governments have increased from around 50 billion dollars in 1980 to about 300 billion dollars in the year 2010. This occurrence is becoming more and more common as state governments seek more and more federal money. These â€Å"free† recourses come in four different forms; categorical grants, block grants, formula grants, project grants according to Ferguson (2013). Categorical grants are grants that only allow funding to be used for specific, narrowly defined purposes. Block grants allow much more freedom in assigning the funds and are widely sought after. Formula grants are allocated based upon a set of pre-existing criteria and often serve a select group of people. Project grants fund specific projects or the delivery of specific services. Th ese four types of grants make up the majority of federal funding. These grants may provide essential funding for state and local governments, but they come with many critics who question the repercussions of national government funding and the states reliance on these funds. In Support of more Federal Funding In times of crisis, a common theme comes to light; autocratic rule. For instance, in ancient times, whenever the city of Rome was threatened or being besieged, their Senate would elect one person to rule above them and lead city’s government and defenses. They did this because although the people would lose their voice in the government, the benefits outweighed these side effects. When one person is in charge, orders are given and decided upon much more quickly than when given by a group of people. The same concept goes hand in hand with a powerful National Government. One powerful governing body can control and be more efficient than fifty different independent state governing bodies with one slightly larger national government. It is simple mathematics. If I tell someone to go get me vanilla ice cream it takes all of ten seconds for me to convey this order and for them to get in their car. However, if I am in a room filled with ten people we then have to discuss and debate o ver several different issues before we can ever decide on one specific path. We have to figure out what type of ice cream we want, who is driving, and where we should get the ice cream; and these are just a few of the many choices we must make. This could take ten minutes opposed to the ten seconds. The difference in time could prove costly to a president when he must make a quick and decisive decision. Grants and loans are similar in the aspect that they both receive money from outside sources to increase funding for a project or issue. However, the similarities stop there and the main attraction to grants arise. One who receives a grant does not normally have to be repay the money received (â€Å"Repay a Grant Overpayment,† 2014). This allows state and local governments to not only receive free resources from the federal government, but to also redistribute the resources that were just saved to other issues. This greatly helps the state or local government because now two different issues or organizations are funded opposed to just one. In Favor of Less Government Funding When this country was founded our forefathers feared â€Å"big government.† Big government is the idea of the federal government being too powerful and, due to this, unfairly ruling and controlling its people. To ensure this didn’t happen our Founding Fathers took great lengths to limit the power of the national government. They created state and local governments, and also granted them powers that the national government is unable to infringe upon. They even set specific limitations to the power of the federal government in the 10th Amendment of the Bill of Rights which states â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people† (Tenth Amendment, 2014). This means that any powers not specifically given to the federal governments are automatically reserved for the states or to the people. All of this was done to ensure that the national government ca nnot become too powerful and override or control the states. However, as state and local governments receive increasing amounts of federal funding they begin to rely on the federal government more and more. As their reliance upon federal money increases so too does their dependence on the federal government. This inadvertently gives the national government more and more power while taking away the states power. As the national government gains influence the states slowly lose the ability to keep an eye on the national government and perform their function as a watchdog. There are several instances in United States history when the federal government tried to overstep its bounds and invade state or personal rights. One such instance is represented in the court case Windsor v. United States. In this court case the United States Government infringed upon our personal rights and tried to discriminate against married lesbian and gay couples for the purposes of determining federal benefits and protections. Thankfully the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the federal government and decided that section three of the â€Å"Defense of Marriage Act† was unconstitutional (Windsor v. United States, 2012). This court case is one of many where the government had to be â€Å"reined in† after infringing upon our constitutional rights. Unfortunately, not all instances of encroachment by the federal government was righted by the Supreme Court. One such instance is the court case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind. Due to the actions and decisions of the United States Government the doors of U.S. citizenship would close to all Asian immigrants for the next 23 years after it was decided that South Asians would not be able to be considered citizens from 1923 to 1946 (United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 2013) A major concern for the United States economy is our growing national debt. As the years progress the U.S. owes other countries more and more money as we are forced to borrow money from them to keep from defaulting on our payments and keep our country running. The U.S. debt is currently around 18 trillion and is expected to be around 18.7 trillion by the end of the fiscal year of 2015. This is roughly three times higher than the national debt in the year 2000 (Total US Government Debt in 2015, 2014). At this rate our country will be in so much debt in the near future that the damage will be irreparable. Also, all it would take to send the government spiraling down would be one these foreign countries to call in on our debt. The government currently does not have the money to repay these debts, therefore America would be forced to default on these payments. To help prevent this from happening a state government could simply refuse to accept as much money from the national government. This would give the Federal Government more resources to pay its debt and take care of its own spending issues. Assessment of the Arguments Federal funding is a major aspect of our government. It helps support many different programs and projects in our state and local governments. In recent years this funding has steadily increased as state and local governments require more and more resources to run and operate. This increase in funding has its fair share of advocates and critics, however. The advocates point out that as the federal government provides more and more money to the states that the power of the national government increases. As the power of the national government increases the more effective the governing ability of the national government becomes. This concept can be explained using a concept called martial law. According to (Martial Law, 2014) martial law is when a military takes over a town or city due to the lack of ability of the residing government to perform its job. A common reason this is enacted is anarchy or revolts in the town. A to military is able to succeed when a government could not becau se a military can work and execute its actions much more efficiently than a government can. This is due to how the presiding officer can issue and execute an order as soon as they think of it instead of having to discuss and negotiate the issue with several other groups like a government would. Another valid belief of the advocates is the fact that when a state or local government receives grants from the national government then their resources have significantly increased. Now the local or state government has the funds it needs for one project in addition to the funds it has in the first place. Now two projects have been funded. Simply put, more federal funding means a more powerful and efficient government as well as more money for the state and local governments. Wherever, you find advocates of something you are sure to find critics as well. It is no different in the case of federal funding. While the supporters speak of a powerful government and more money for local and state governments, the critics make very different but equally valid points. They point out that our founding fathers feared â€Å"big government† and took many steps to ensure that the national government could not become too powerful for its citizens and infringe upon their rights. This is a strong possibility as the government becomes more powerful and is evident in several different court cases like Windsor v. United States and Bhagat Singh Thind v. United State. Another valid reason critics dislike federal funding is how the more money the national government gives to the states the less money it has for itself. With a quickly growing national debt the main concern of the government should be paying off what it owes, not giving money â€Å"that it doesn’t have† to other organizations. Conclusion and Personal Belief As I have said earlier, there are many people who believe federal funding should increase and many people who say it should not. They both bring up very strong points as well. However, no matter how efficient and well-run the federal government might become as they gain more and more power, it does not offset the possibility of the average citizen being overlooked or ruled unfairly. This was the biggest fear our founding fathers faced and they went to great lengths to ensure that our government does not become omnipotent. So why should we go against everything they stood for? Each citizen is supposed to have a say in their government and the running of it. This is the entire idea of a democracy. Once people start losing this power or this power begins to be overlooked, then we will no longer have a democracy. In addition to this issue, we have a looming national debt that is quickly growing each year. Yes, it is nice for our state and local governments to have a little bit more money to spend on its residents, but should not we be more concerned with keeping our government from having to owe trillions of dollars to foreign governments like China? I personally would much rather go without the new state park than constantly worry about the day that a foreign country demands we pay them back all we owe plus interest. Federal funds may have their pluses and attractions, but they are not worth risking our rights as civilians and the economy of our country for them. References Chantrill, C. (2014, July 1). Debt Clock. Retrieved November 16, 2014, from  http://www.usgovernmentdebt.us/ DeHaven, T. (2013, June 25). How Much Does Your State Government Depend on Federal Funds. Retrieved November 1, 2014, from  http://townhall.com/columnists/taddehaven/2013/06/25/how-much-does-your-state-government-depend-on-federal-funds-n1626882 Edwards, C. (2013, June 7). Fiscal Federalism. Retrieved October 15, 2014, from  http://www.downsizinggovernment.org/fiscal-federalism Elmendorf, D. (2013). Federal Grants to Local and State Governments.  Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office,  1-28. Retrieved November 1, 2014, from  http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/43967_FederalGrants.pdf Four Main Types of Grant Funding. (2013, April 14). Retrieved November 15, 2014, from  http://www.federalfunding.net/grants_types.htm Martial Law. (2014, February 6). Retrieved November 1, 2014, from  http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/martial  law Mulhausen, D., Tyrell, P. (2013, September 11). Retrieved October 15, 2014, from  http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/11/the-2013-index-of-dependence-on-government Repay a Grant Overpayment. (2012, May 27). Retrieved November 15, 2014, from  https://www.myeddebt.com/borrower/myoptions_repayGrants.action Tenth Amendment. (2014, January 9). Retrieved November 14, 2014, from  http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/tenth_amendment U.S. v Bhagat Signh Thind. (2008, November 2). Retrieved November 15, 2014, from  http://www.bhagatsinghthind.com/court.php Windsor v. United States: Edie Windsor Challenges DOMA Decided. (2009, April 18). Retrieved November 14, 2014, from  https://www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights/windsor-v-united-states-thea-edie-doma

A Land Rembered by Patrick D. Smith Essay -- essays research papers

The novel, A Land Remembered, is the epic saga of three generations of MacIveys. The novel begins with a flash back, from the last generation MacIvey, Sol. Sol was a real estate tycoon in Miami and the surrounding areas. He has chosen to give up his life in Miami to live his last hours in the cabin in Punta Rassa , Florida; the cabin his grandfather had built. Thus, the three generations of MacIveys in Florida ends. The first generation of MacIveys consisted of the father and husband, Tobias, the mother and wife, Emma, and their young son, Zech. The family had decided to escape the pressures of the Civil War in their native Georgia, and move to the scrub of Northern Florida. The MacIveys experience many troubles and learn many new things during their stay in the scrub, such as meeting Indians, that will turn out to influence their life greatly. Other experiences included Tobias being recruited by Marshall Adler to drive cattle to the confederate troops and also being recruited to chop trees to build walls of defense for the confederate forces. During the excursion to chop down trees, confederate deserters raided Emma and Zech and burned down their house. Tobias and Emma made the decision that the war was getting to close to the scrub, and that moving South would be a good idea. The MacIvey clan packed up their wagon and headed south along the St. John’s and Kissimmee rivers and settled in a hammock along the Kissimmee river. In Kissimmee is where Tobias begins his empire that turns the family into one of the wealthiest families in Florida. In the swamps of Florida, wild cows live and Tobias tries his best to capture these cows and make a drive, but without horses and dogs, Tobias makes little headway in his project. In the woods one day, Skillet, a freed slave, was found. Skillet agreed to stay on with the MacIveys and help them start their empire. Dogs and a marshtackie were given to the MacIveys by their Indian friends they helped in the scrub. The MacIveys now popped cows out of the swamp and their first drive to Punta Rassa ended in a disaster with all the cows being lost to a great flood. The determined MacIveys never looked back and gathered another heard and the whole clan drove the cows to Punta Rassa. In Punta Rassa, the cows were sold for fifteen dollars a head and the MacIvey empire begins. Also on this first trip, Hendry, the cattle buyer,... ... they too can experience the life of a Florida Cracker turned millionaire family of Florida. Throughout all three generations of MacIveys, all of the MacIvey men lose a woman who is so close to them and all of them realize once they are gone, that they didn’t do enough for their loved one, when they easily could have. Tobias had three trunks full of Spanish gold, and all he did for Emma was buy her a cook stove. Zech had even more trunks of Spanish gold, and he never took Glenda on the trips to the far away places she wanted to go. Sol had a multimillion acre vegetable business and owned half of Miami, and he never married Bonnie, yet, when he lost her, he missed her like his wife. I believe that Smith is trying to make us realize that you shouldn’t take for granted what you have, when they do so much for you. These lessons are ageless, and can be applied to today’s society as well as to the first ever society. A Land Remembered is a novel that truly is the epitome of a saga, that spans the trials and tribulations of three generations of the MacIvey fami ly as they enter Florida as a family destined to start a better life and die out as one of the wealthiest families in Florida.

Albert Einstein :: biographies bio

Albert was born in 1879 on March 14 to Hermann and Pauline Einstein. Hermann ran an electrical technology business which was often on the verge of bankruptcy. Hermann's parents were Abraham and Hindel. Albert's parents moved around Europe several times while Albert was still living at home. He was born in Ulm, Germany. Two years Albert became a big brother when his sister Maja (Maria) was born, at this time his family was living at Munich. At the age of nine Albert entered a school in Munich called Luitpold. In school Albert got fairly good grades in his subject while he excelled in mathematics. However, he hated the school because success was based on memorization and obedience rather than how much a child knew. Then when Albert went home he studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy all on his own. Then later his teacher asked him to leave because Albert was causing the other students to loose respect for the teacher. At fifteen Albert took the teacher's advice and left mid term to be with his parents and sister in Italy. He renounced his German citizenship after enrolling in a cantonal school in Aarau, Switzerland. After he graduated from Aarau he entered the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, received his diploma and became a Swiss citizen. However, Albert had a difficult time holding down a full time job; he held many different part time jobs and it wasn't until he was offered a job with the Swiss Patent Office in Bern did he finally receive a regular salary. During one of his part time teaching positions his eye was caught by a young Serbian woman, Meleva Maric. She was the only woman in his physics class; yet Albert would not talk of marriage, even after she bore his daughter and gave it up for adoption. Once Albert was hired full time with the Swiss Patent Office in Bern he had enough money to begin thinking about marriage and he and Meleva were married in 1903. With this new job Albert had the time to write his thoughts down and to. Meleva gave birth to two sons Hans Albert in 1904 and Eduard in 1910. Hans would grow up and become a successful hydraulic engineer, while Eduard grew up being sick most of his life. In 1914 the German government offered Albert a position at the University of Berlin as well as a membership to the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

Turkeys Strategic Geographical Location In The World of Geo-Politics E

Turkey's Strategic Geographical Location In The World of Geo-Politics The country of Turkey, slightly larger than Texas in size (780,580 sq km), lies on the southeastern side of Europe and the southwestern side of Asia.? It borders the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.? Land wise, Turkey is bordered to the northwest by Bulgaria and Greece, to the east by Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia (all three part of the former USSR) and Iran, and to the south by Iraq and Syria.? Strategically located, Turkey controls the Turkish straights including the Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara, and Dardanelles.? Because Turkey is positioned on an area where Europe meets Asia and is very close geographically to Africa, the country provides a link between these three continents. The European part of the country is named Thrace, while the Asian part is known as Anatolia.? Throughout history, Turkey, especially Anatolia, has been a prominent center of commerce because of its land connections to three continents and the sea surrounding it on three sides (?Tur key at a Glance?).? Additionally, Turkey?s geographical location plays an important role in the geo-politics of Europe and Asia not just as a crucial land bridge between Europe and Asia but as an integral part of the prosperous Mediterranean economy, a center for trade, and a critical link to the sea for Russia and the Ukraine.? In the past, Turkey?s geographic location has been the center of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires and has acted as a fortress against an expanding Soviet Union and more recently an expanding Iraq (Larson). Turkey?s Role in ?Operation Iraqi Freedom? Within the past year, Turkey has played a vital role in ?Operation Iraqi Freedom. The United ... ...ews. 10 Dec. 2003 Stanford, Dick. ?Panel Discussion, Turkey's Relationship and Foreign Policy Issues with ?her Neighbors and the European Union.? 12 June 2003. Accessed on 22 Nov. 2003.< http://facweb.furman.edu/~dstanford/med04/topic3.htm> Stanford, Dick. ?Water Control Issues in the Eastern Mediterranean region.? 13 June ? 2003. Accessed on 22 Nov. 2003. ?Turkey at a Glance.? Google. 10 Dec. 2003 ?Turkey Belongs in Europe.? The Economist 7 Dec. 2003: LexisNexis Acadmic: News. ?10 Dec. 2003 ?Turkey, Iraq, Sign Protocol to Boost Trade.? Turkish Daily News 22 Nov. 2003: LexisNexis Acadmic: News. 10 Dec. 2003 Turkey's Strategic Geographical Location In The World of Geo-Politics E Turkey's Strategic Geographical Location In The World of Geo-Politics The country of Turkey, slightly larger than Texas in size (780,580 sq km), lies on the southeastern side of Europe and the southwestern side of Asia.? It borders the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.? Land wise, Turkey is bordered to the northwest by Bulgaria and Greece, to the east by Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia (all three part of the former USSR) and Iran, and to the south by Iraq and Syria.? Strategically located, Turkey controls the Turkish straights including the Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara, and Dardanelles.? Because Turkey is positioned on an area where Europe meets Asia and is very close geographically to Africa, the country provides a link between these three continents. The European part of the country is named Thrace, while the Asian part is known as Anatolia.? Throughout history, Turkey, especially Anatolia, has been a prominent center of commerce because of its land connections to three continents and the sea surrounding it on three sides (?Tur key at a Glance?).? Additionally, Turkey?s geographical location plays an important role in the geo-politics of Europe and Asia not just as a crucial land bridge between Europe and Asia but as an integral part of the prosperous Mediterranean economy, a center for trade, and a critical link to the sea for Russia and the Ukraine.? In the past, Turkey?s geographic location has been the center of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires and has acted as a fortress against an expanding Soviet Union and more recently an expanding Iraq (Larson). Turkey?s Role in ?Operation Iraqi Freedom? Within the past year, Turkey has played a vital role in ?Operation Iraqi Freedom. The United ... ...ews. 10 Dec. 2003 Stanford, Dick. ?Panel Discussion, Turkey's Relationship and Foreign Policy Issues with ?her Neighbors and the European Union.? 12 June 2003. Accessed on 22 Nov. 2003.< http://facweb.furman.edu/~dstanford/med04/topic3.htm> Stanford, Dick. ?Water Control Issues in the Eastern Mediterranean region.? 13 June ? 2003. Accessed on 22 Nov. 2003. ?Turkey at a Glance.? Google. 10 Dec. 2003 ?Turkey Belongs in Europe.? The Economist 7 Dec. 2003: LexisNexis Acadmic: News. ?10 Dec. 2003 ?Turkey, Iraq, Sign Protocol to Boost Trade.? Turkish Daily News 22 Nov. 2003: LexisNexis Acadmic: News. 10 Dec. 2003

History Quiz †Western Civilization to Middle Ages Essay

Introduction HIS100 History of Western Civilization to Middle Ages Lesson 5 Quiz This assignment is worth a total of 60 points. Please make sure you have answered all questions prior to submitting. Once you click the submit button, you will not be able to return to this section. Question 1 of 60 What type of columns does the Parthenon have? | Alsacian| | Ionic| | Corinthian| | Doric| Question 2 of 60 In 490 B.C.E. the Athenians defeated the Persians at the Battle of | Plataea.| | Miltiades.| | Marathon.| | Miletus.| Question 3 of 60 Which of the following was NOT true of the 490 B.C.E. Athenian victory over the Persians? | It convinced the Greeks of their cultural superiority over barbarians.| | It ended Persian hopes of successfully invading Greece.| | It established the superiority of the hoplite and phalanx.| | It promoted the democratic reforms of Cleisthenes.| Question 4 of 60 Members of Darius I’s elite guard were known as the â€Å"immortals† because their numbers always remained at 10,000 | True| | False| Question 5 of 60 After Darius I died, his son _____ took over. | Leonidas| | Darius II| | Themistocles| | Xerxes| Question 6 of 60 He was the Spartan king responsible for defending the pass at Thermopylae during the second Persian invasion. | Miliades| | Xerxes| | Leonidas| | Themistocles| Question 7 of 60 Which of the following BEST describes the military history of the Persian Wars? | Greek unity was crucial in the military success over Persia.| | Sparta was solely responsible for the Greek victory.| | Spartan land forces and Athenian sea forces were superior to the much larger Persian armies and navies.| | Darius’ army was defeated by a plague, not by the Greeks.| Question 8 of 60 When the Athenian and Attica population reached its height at 350,000, less than 60,000 were citizens | True| | False| Question 9 of 60 Approximately what proportion of the population of Athens and surrounding Attica were slaves? | One-third| | One-fourth| | One-half| | Three-fifths| Question 10 of 60 He was the great historian of the Persian Wars. | Sophocles| | Thucydides| | Herodotus| | Aeschylus| Question 11 of 60 Which of the following MOST accurately describes the role of women in fifth century B.C.E. Athens? | They had full equality with Athenian males.| | They led public lives and controlled the household economy.| | They were dominated in the household yet played active roles in politics.| | They were excluded from public life and had limited power in the home.| Question 12 of 60 In fifth century Athens, most of the leaders came from the | ranks of the ostracized.| | aristocracy.| | rural population of farmers.| | ranks of the metics.| Question 13 of 60 Because Athenian political offices changed frequently and were filled by lot, leadership was often provided by | ekklesia.| | boule.| | consorteria.| | demagogues.| Question 14 of 60 Athenian democracy reached its peak under the leadership of | Herodotus.| | Pericles.| | Solon.| | Draco.| Question 15 of 60 Pericles did all of the following to achieve political influence EXCEPT | speak effectively in public.| | rely on the support of the aristocracy who tended to dominate political office.| | serve as general for the Athenian ekklesia.| | sponsor public works projects that employed the poor.| Question 16 of 60 Initially, Athens defeated Sparta but lost a fleet in this region, leading to open rebellion by Megara and Sparta. | Italy| | Persia| | Crete| | Egypt| Question 17 of 60 Pericles redirected foreign policy from | anti-Persian to anti-Spartan.| | aggressive imperialism to neutrality.| | neutrality to aggressive anti-imperialism.| | pro-Persian to pro-Spartan.| Question 18 of 60 The Peloponnesian War was PRIMARILY fought between | Athens and Persia.| | Athens and Sparta.| | Corinth and Athens.| | Sparta and Persia.| Question 19 of 60 Even though Persia lost the Persian wars, it ultimately gained some influence in Greek affairs by allying with _______ in the Peloponnesian Wars. | Athens| | Sparta| | Corinth| | Syracuse| Question 20 of 60 This Athenian politician offered an alliance with Persia in return for replacing the Athenian democracy with an oligarchy. | Lysander| | Alcibiades| | Pericles| | Themistocles| Question 21 of 60 This controversial Athenian philosopher searched for moral self-enlightenment by questioning all who claimed to possess wisdom. | Aristotle| | Plato| | Socrates| | Sophocles| Question 22 of 60 He wrote the first true history in his book of â€Å"inquiries† discussing the conflicts between the Greeks and Persians. | Herodotus| | Socrates| | Sophocles| | Thucydides| Question 23 of 60 He is known as â€Å"the father of history.† | Aristotle| | Thucydides| | Socrates| | Herodotus| Question 24 of 60 He wrote a history of the Peloponnesian War. | Herodotus| | Thucydides| | Socrates| | Dionysus| Question 25 of 60 He could be called the first political scientist. | Herodotus| | Plato| | Thucydides| | Darius| Question 26 of 60 All of the following were Athenian playwrights EXCEPT | Aeschylus.| | Aristophanes.| | Thucydides.| | Euripides.| Question 27 of 60 He wrote Antigone. | Aristophanes| | Aeschylus| | Euripides| | Sophocles| Question 28 of 60 He wrote Lysistrata. | Aristophanes| | Aeschylus| | Euripides| | Sophocles| Question 29 of 60 The style achieved by the Athenian sculptor Phidias can BEST be described as | seeking naturalism and realism in the idealized human figure.| | abandoning the human form in favor of geometric symbolism.| | abandoning idealism in favor of accurate portraiture.| | restoring the Egyptian tradition of kouros.| Question 30 of 60 The greatest architectural and sculptural compositions of antiquity were the temples on the acropolis in Athens | True| | False| Question 31 of 60 Every surface of the Parthenon has a slight curve | True| | False| Question 32 of 60 After victory in the Peloponnesian War, the Spartans | continued to attack Persia.| | immediately retreated to their homes.| | provoked opposition throughout the Greek world.| | emerged as popular leaders of the Greek world.| Question 33 of 60 He was Plato’s teacher. | Sophocles| | Aristophanes| | Aristotle| | Socrates| Question 34 of 60 Which best describes Plato’s political views? | He was satisfied with the government as it existed in Athens during his life.| | He suggested a balance between democracy and oligarchy.| | He advocated creation of a government ruled by a philosopher.| | He demanded an increased democratization of the constitution.| Question 35 of 60 Plato’s philosophy emphasized | an ideal world of eternal forms.| | the experience of pleasure.| | the existence of atomic particles.| | research based on observations in the material world.| Question 36 of 60 Which of the following BEST describes Aristotle’s philosophy? | Man can know nothing.| | One should submit to fate and one’s role in it.| | Systematic observation yields valid general theories.| | He had little faith in moderate views.| Question 37 of 60 The kingdom that moved into the power vacuum created when Athens, Sparta, and Thebes fought each other was | Egypt.| | Messenia.| | Persia.| | Macedonia.| Question 38 of 60 He murdered his way to the throne of Macedonia. | Alexander| | Philip I| | Philip II| | Philip III| Question 39 of 60 Philip II formed this in 338 B.C.E., uniting the Greek city-states after his victory at Chaeronea. | The Peloponnesian League| | The League of Corinth| | The Macedonian League| | The Delian League| Question 40 of 60 Alexander carefully unraveled the Gordium knot, thus becoming master of all Europe | True| | False| Question 41 of 60 Alexander’s conquests took him as far east as modern | Iran.| | Burma.| | China.| | India.| Question 42 of 60 Alexander’s main political objective was to | merge local and Greek peoples and traditions to create a lasting empire.| | punish the Persians for invading Greece.| | take as much treasure as possible back to Macedonia.| | maintain separation between Greek and local populations.| Question 43 of 60 Alexander the Great died at the ripe old age of 62 | True| | False| Question 44 of 60 During Hellenistic ties, the language of the empire was | Farsi.| | Koine.| | Ptolematic.| | Hellenic.| Question 45 of 60 Until the second century B.C.E., Greeks indentified themselves by their city of origin | True| | False| Question 46 of 60 In Egypt, some of the Ptolemys adopted the Egyptian tradition of royal marriages between brothers and sisters | True| | False| Question 47 of 60 In the Hellenistic cities, women | often fought in war.| | were restricted in both public and private life.| | enjoyed fewer liberties than their Greek counterparts.| | assumed a greater role in public life and property ownership.| Question 48 of 60 This city was famous for the greatest library of the ancient world. | Alexandria| | Athens| | Corinth| | Memphis| Question 49 of 60 He was the acknowledged master of the short, witty epigram. | Menander| | Antiochus| | Callimachus| | Theocritus| Question 50 of 60 Which of the following was NOT a Hellenistic writer? | Menander| | Antiochus| | Callimachus| | Theocritus| Question 51 of 60 Which of the following schools of philosophy was NOT prevalent during the Hellenistic period? | Stoicism| | Epicureanism| | Cynicism| | Existentialism| Question 52 of 60 He established the cynic tradition. | Antisthenes| | Socrates| | Zeno| | Diogenes| Question 53 of 60 He was the founder of stoicism. | Antisthenes| | Socrates| | Zeno| | Diogenes| Question 54 of 60 They believed that true happiness consists in freely accepting one’s role. | Stoics| | Epicureans| | Cynics| | Existentialists| Question 55 of 60 He wrote Elements, the fundamental textbook on geometry. | Aeschylus| | Archimedes| | Euclid| | Pythagoras| Question 56 of 60 He calculated the approximate value of pi. | Aeschylus| | Archimedes| | Euclid| | Pythagoras| Question 57 of 60 Some of the technological inventions of the Hellenistic world were water pumps, the screw, a copy machine, a water clock, and the odometer | True| | False| Question 58 of 60 Who was the leader of Athens during its â€Å"Golden Age†? | Pericles| | Solon| | Aeschylus| | Socrates| Question 59 of 60 He is known as the â€Å"father of medicine.† | Pythagoras| | Hippocrates| | Homer| | Hesiod| Question 60 of 60 He wrote The Republic. | Homer| | Plato| | Socrates| | Sophocles| Perception is licensed to Rio Salado CollegeCopyright  © 2013 Rio Salado College. All Rights Reserved. Bottom of Form

Graduation of Jake Moon Essay

In my book Graduation of Jake Moon, Jake is the main character in the book. Jake Moon is an only child Jake Moon was named by his grandfather because his mother was stressed out for the first 2 weeks of him being born. When they moved in with his grandfather he named him Jake not Jacob just Jake. Jake Moon changes by being annoyed, frustrated, and embarrassed to being understanding by his grandfather. Jake changes from being annoyed and frustrated and embarrassed towards his grandfather because his grandfather Skelly got diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. Jake gets annoyed with him being forgetful and not knowing who he is. Jake witnesses him being in the dumpster Jake was embarrassed and felt different when he seen his grandfather in the dumpster and 2 eighth grade boys picking on him and asked him if he went to PU University. Jake Moon changes at the end by being frustrated, annoyed, and embarrassed to being understanding towards his grandpa. He helps his grandpa get up in the morning and get dressed. Jake found his wet sheets in the oven when his friend Lucas was over. Skelly put his pajamas in the freezer. Skelly wrote stuff on post it notes and put them all over the house to remember things. What happens at the end is that at Jakes Graduation is Skelly goes up on the stage and then Jake goes off stage and takes his grandfather down to family then goes back up on the stage. That shows how Jake Cares about his grandpa Jake Moon understood at the end of the book compared to the beginning. Jake was better towards his grandfather because of the graduation stuff with his grandfather. Jake cares about his grandpa that he did that but if that happened at the beginning of the book he would of probably sat In his chair like who is that guy.

Clinic management system Essay

Introduction A system is a collection of elements that are organized for a common purpose. The word sometimes describes the organization or plan itself (and is similar in meaning to method, as in â€Å"I have my own little system†) and sometimes describes the parts in the system (as in â€Å"computer system†). A computer system consists of hardware components that have been carefully chosen so that they work well together and software components or programs that run in the computer. This concept includes Information System. Information system can be defined as any means of communicating knowledge from one source to another, and/or from one person to another. On the other hand, an information system is designed to provide the best possible information to its users. Information systems typically refer to computerized methods of searching, storing and retrieving information. An information system is all about providing the most usable information needed, and is there to empower users and equip them with the tools to do their jobs most effectively. An information system offers a litany of benefits that help to make the process of managing information easier. Central access, easy back up, central distribution of information, easy record keeping, as well as easy customer trait identification, are just a few of the benefits offered by an information system. Central access means all organization members have one point to access all organizationally public information and increases efficiency. Having information in a variety of locations can be cumbersome and cause information to be overlooked. With easy back up, the chances of lost data are decreased and organizational staff will tend to back up more regularly as the system is easy to navigate. To receive the greatest benefit overall, it is important to understand that it is an adaptable tool that should progress as your business progresses. Information systems are rarely innovative business solutions. They are designed to grow with you and enhance your organization’s information delivery in the process. In Computer System, It includes database for storing data and information. Not-for-profit organizations must track information about people including volunteers, clients, potential donors, current donors, event attendees, who support or who might support their programs and services. Managing this information is crucial. A database allows you to manage and use an incredible variety of information easily. Databases are easy to set-up, easy to manipulate and easy to use. A database allows you to maintain order in what could be a very chaotic environment. Employees and volunteers of not-for-profit organizations have to manage existing resources very carefully. There may not be the resources to hire a full-time database manager or a short-term consultant. Initial data base structure can be very basic, easy to use and to maintain. Databases can be expanded and manipulated as your organization grows and your resources increase. Background of the Study A Clinic in Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School provides health care for the students thru regular physical and nutritional assessment, operational instructions and by giving emphasis on the ideals of a safe, healthy and drug free environment. Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School was conceived merely todecongest the big enrollment of then Paraà ±aque Municipal High School that was in 1991. This was in under the supervision of Mrs. Rosa V. Sioson, the principal of PMHS. The school was named then PMHS Annex San Martin de Porres. It has a total number of 804 freshmen and 422 sophomore enrollees with 38 teachers. A two-storey building with 16 rooms situated along Km. 15 East Service Road, South Super Highway, San Martin de Porres, Paraà ±aque City under the stewardship of Mr. Urbano E. Agustin as Officer-in-charge, was the only building in use that time. Steady growth of enrollment occurred. 1993, because Dr. Filemon S. Salas, then Schools Division Superintendent of Pasay City Division, advocated and recommended the establishments of more autonimous municipal high school in Paraà ±aque, school independence is worked out. Through the collaborative effort of the school administration, the Parents Teachers Association, the municipal officials and the community itself, Audience and hearings were made. Resolution was passed. And with the authorship of Atty. Manuel de Guia, municipal councilor an chairperson of committee of Education, a Municipal Ordinance No. 93-10 Series of 1993 was approved making PMHS-Annex-San Martin de Porres an independent secondary school. The name Dr. Arcadio Santos, a native son of Paraà ±aque with exemplary reputation was adopted. Its immediate autonomy benefited much the youth and community of District II specifically Brgy. San Martin de Porres. By 1994, enrollment tripled. From 1301 in 1993, it rose to 3033. An influx of teachers also occured to meet the teaching demands of students. This was also the year that Department of Education Culture and Sports in accordance with the guidelines in DECS Order NO., s. of 1989, approved and recognized Dr. Arcadio Santos High School as an independent secondary school. This year on September 1, a mass appointment of teachers, 72 items, were given by the local government under the mayoral ship of Dr. Pablo Olivarez. September 1 also became the basis of the celebration of the school’s foundation day. School Year 1994-1995 sprouted another school in the name of DASHS Masville Annex. Mrs. Virginia B. Vecino was designated officer-in-charge with 167 teachers and almost 300 students. Due to an unavoidable circumstances however, it was closed in the same year. In 1995, another four-storey building with 24 rooms was constructed to meet the increasing classroom needs of the stud entry under the local fund chaired by then Mayor Olivarez. A year after, a two-storey building was erected through the country wide Development Fund of Cong. Roilo Golez. The building is now utilized as the school library in the second floor and three classrooms for THE-I.A. in the ground floor. In 1996, DASHS Annex was reopened. This time it found its haven at Don Galo in juxtaposition with the Don Galo Elementary School. Mrs. Concepcion Bernaldez, the assistant school principal, was designated officer-in-charge. It had 330 students; First and Second year level with 16 teachers. In 1997, DASHS annex found its way back again to Masville with a total population of 994. This was upon the completion of a four-storey building with 16 rooms sponsored by Mayor Joey P. Marquez. In 1998, a complete secondary annex came to existence. Now it has a total population of 1443 and 34 teachers administering the needs of the student body under the supervision of Dr. Teodulo N. Timtiman, II as Officer-in-charge. The fourth building named Golez Building sponsored by Cong. Roilo S. Golez, himself, has found its way. This is a three-storey edifice with six classrooms and the ground floor is an open space used for programs and some other special occasions of the school. August 22, 2000, a major event happened. Dr. Arcadio Santos High was converted into Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School in the City of Paraà ±aque through a Republic Act No. 8844. Thios was made possible through the effort of no other than the Lone Representative of Paraà ±aque Congressman Roilo Golez. Truly, Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School after a decade of existence has reached its speak of excellence be it academic or structure wise. Its aim to serve par excellence and produce a productive and competitive citizen is needed a fruition of existence. Statement of the Problem General Problem The general problem of the study is the manual operations in generating treatment report and monitoring the patient’s ailments. Specific Problem How to easily manage the school clinic treatment record? Using manual system, the assigned clinic staff is hard for them to manage, organize and generate all reports in the clinic especially in the Treatment Report. How could they monitor the total number of ailments and how do they generate a report every month? All information of ailments collected will be store in the log book and then they just make a report before the end of the month. How could they give an update to the DEPED (Department of education) division of Paraà ±aque for the medical supplies needed by the clinic? The Treatment Report will be submitted to the head office to review all the types of ailments and to produce a needs of the clinic especially the medicines. Objectives of the Study General Objectives The general objectives of the study are to design and develop software that will enhance the existing Treatment Report System for a better one. Specific Objectives They can easily manage their record process using the computerized treatment report with monitoring patient’s ailments. Managing the records daily would be easier with the help of the proposed system without having difficulties in which the nurse and the dentist can supervise all the needs of medications for each patient. The proposed system will automatically count the total number of ailments every week. Instead of Monthly Report, the nurse and the dentist will generate the report weekly by the use of the proposed system. They can easily update the DEPED (Division of Paranaque) regarding the medical supplies of the school clinic. By the use of a proposed system, they can send request to the main office for the medical supply weekly. Scope and the Delimitation Scope The scope of the study can record the students and school personnel information who admitted inside the school clinic. It can automatically optimize in managing all the records together with the medication needs of the patients. The information including the name, age, grade/year level, address, contact number and etc., can modify and update the data by using control selection of the proposed system. The study is only for Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School (clinic). It has a security that the School Nurse, School Dentist, students or other school personnel who can only access the system. Also, using their own account in the propoed system the Nurse and the Dentist can generate the reports and can update the information stored in the database. Delimitation The proposed system has an account security for the users so that all unauthorized person outside the school premises are not allowed to use. Also, the students and principal are cannot generate the Treatment Reports and the proposed system does not support for the online services. Significance of the study The proposed Computerized Treatment Report with Monitoring Patient’s ailment system has the ability to perform with different features such as fast, accurate and user-friendly. For this reason, the proposed system benefits not just its primary user but also the proponents, future researchers, and the country’s I.T industry. For the Users The prime beneficiary of the proposed system is the User. This system will help them easily to process their transactions. Because of this is a friendly user, the problem can be easily solve and the transactions done well. Also the transaction will be enhanced from manual to computerized one. For the Proponents The proposed system also benefits the proponent’s method of thinking. While creating the system, each proponent will enhance his knowledge and express his thoughts or ideas in order to create and implement a new design and the system performance as well. The proposed system will also help them to analyze the flow of transactions and trace every problems encountered. For the Future Researchers This proposed system will help the future researchers because it will serve as their reference. It will serve as their basis in analyzing the current status of Monitoring System. Because of this, other proponents will be able to improve the said system as they create a new design. For the IT Industry The IT Industry will benefit this study because they create programmers that can help them to improve and develop more in terms of enhancing the latest computerized systems. Conceptual Framework Figure 1.0 shows the existing system for generating a Treatment Report every month. First, the Medical staff will ask question to the patient which includes Name, Address and Contact Number together with the ailments. All the information gathered are manually Record in the Log Book that serves as a database. After recording all information, the medical staff will now check if there is an available first aid medication for the particular ailment. If no, the patient will be transfer to the other clinics and the medical staff will now record the medical needs inside the school clinic. After a month, the Medical staff will now count all the total number of ailments and generate a Treatment Report by using a bar chart. It is conflict for the staff to generate a report because of too many record stored in Log book. The report will be submitted to the main office of the Department of Education (DEPED) Division of Paraà ±aque and after reviewing the chart, it is the time to send a supply of medicines into the school. Conceptual Framework Figure 1.1 shows the Computerized System for generating a Treatment Report every week instead of monthly report. First, the Medical staff will ask question to the patient which includes Name, Address and Contact Number together with the ailments. All the information gathered will type in the proposed system with SQL database. After recording all information, the medical staff will now search to the database for the available medicines. Every week, the Medical Staff generate the Treatment Report by using the proposed system. It is easy for them to accomplish the report because it is automatically tally all the ailments records counted saved on the database. Operational Terms: Analysis – the process of breaking down a something into its parts to learn what they do and how they relate to one another. Ailments – a physical disorder or illness, especially of a minor or chronic nature. Clinic – a class of medical instruction in which patients are examined and discussed Data – factual information (as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. Database – a comprehensive collection of related data organized for convenient access, generally in a computer. Design – to prepare the preliminary sketch or the plans for (a work to be executed) especially to plan the form and structure . Input – data to be entered into a computer for processing, the process of introducing data into the internal storage ofa computer. Medication – the use or application of medicine,a medicinal substance. Monitoring –Supervising activities in progress to ensure they are on-course and on-schedule in meeting the objectives and performance targets. Output – information in a form suitable for transmission from internal to external units of a computer, or to an outside medium. Process – a systematic series of actions directed to some end. a continuous action, operation, or series of changes taking placein a definite manner: Programmer – a person who writes computer software. Programming – is the comprehensive process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable programs. It involves activities such as analysis, understanding, and generically solving such problems resulting in an algorithm. Report – is any informational work (usually of writing, speech , television, or film) made with the specific intention in relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable form. School personnel –a body of persons usually employed in a school. Software – is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. SQL – Structured Query Language is a standard computer language for relational database management and data manipulation. is used to query, insert, update and modify data. System Design – is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. Transaction – information processing that is divided into individual, indivisible operations, a unit of work performed within a database management system Treatment – The process or manner of treating someone or something. C H A P T E R II Review of Related Studies and Literature This Chapter consists of review related literature and a study that includes the local and foreign study to make relevance our study. It also discusses the different references and text that are relevant to the studies. Related Literature the researchers cited some of the related literature made by different researchers which are quite similar to the present study. These related literatures can help the researchers in analyzing the problems that the present study will encounter in the future. Foreign Literature 1. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Clinic Management System. â€Å"Clinic management is introduced to optimize clinic’s operation. Because of huge changes in management nowadays, management for clinic is important due to the widely spread of technology.† According to the internet the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Clinic . This system is proposed for clinic in UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) to manage the clinic’s operation efficiently. The process in developing the system include patient’s clinic in UTeM. The area consists of the user in clinic which is doctor and clinic assistant. Basically there are no such systems in the clinic. The system use before has caused a lot of problems to the user. Due to that, using manual system seems to be the only solutions in managing the daily works. The system will help out the user in the clinic in managing the work. 2. On-line Constructions of Metrosexuality and Masculinities. â€Å"A metrosexual can be defined as a man who is narcissistic in nature, loves his urban lifestyle and is a straight man who is in touch with his feminine side.† According to Matthew Hall on his Cultural Studies On-line Constructions of Metrosexuality and Masculinities. A British journalist named Mark Simpson devised this word. It can be said that any urban male of any sexual orientation who spends a lot of time and money on his appearance and lifestyle is known as a metrosexual. There are a large number of celebrities out there who are famous icons such as David Beckham, Brad Pitt, Robbie Williams, P. Diddy and George Clooney. 3. Mediwise Clinic Management Software â€Å"Mediwise Clinic Management Software is a fully integrated solution for the business and clinical needs of medical medicine clinics.† According to the internet Cynthia Anderson tells that the Mediwise addresses of all the facility’s data processing needs: Patient Accounting, EMR, Referral Management, Scheduling, Case and Encounters Management and Financials. It provides physicians, clinicians, and health care executives with the necessary information to make critical decisions about the patient and the enterprise. Local Literature 1. According to Dean Francis Alfair, Filipino men are spending millions to look and feel good. As was stated in his article, â€Å"Machos in the Mirror†, a metrosexual like himself doesn’t generally think of himself as vain, but then there’s this incident where Mr. Alfair remember from high school: some of his friends were assembled at his house so that they could all ride together to a party. As they were getting dressed in their Spandau Ballet-inspired finery (then the height of fashion), one of the barkada produced, from out of the depths of his bag, a can of mousse, which none of them hapless males had ever seen or even heard of before. Naturally, they all had to squirt some into their hands and smear it on their hair. Not knowing that they were then supposed to blow-dry or otherwise style it, they left the house feeling snazzy, while looking pretty much the same as they had prior to applying the mousse at most, their hair was a little damper, vaguely crispy in texture, and certainly stickier than before. But they felt utterly transformed. 2. According to Noel Manucom, head of planning and strategy at Splash cosmetics, the quest for beauty may also be perceived as a quest for social equality. â€Å"Filipinos, especially those in the C and D (classes), are still influenced by their colonial mentality that white skin and a tall nose are what those in high society have,† Manucom says. â€Å"They may not be able to afford to have their nose done, but the desire to have a fairer skin can be met by buying products.† In fact, the double-digit growth in skin care popularity among Filipino males over the last six years is largely attributable to skin-whitening formulas. Pinoys are still devoted to hair care products and fragrance above anything else — with growing interest in bath washes, oral hygiene, and weight loss or gain — yet skin care is acknowledged to be the main fuel of the Philippine beauty industry. 3. According to Fairview Physician Associates -Medical student-run health clinics have become popular programs among medical schools for fostering education and community service among students. The proliferation of these clinics has not, however, coincided with a better understanding of these programs’ impact on medical education or public health. There are no data of how many student-run clinics exist or how many schools have one. Foreign Studies 1. Clinics Management System (CMS) based on Patient Centered Process Ontology â€Å"A major problem faced by today’s healthcare is the increasing diversity and differentiation. New medical specialties are constantly created: there exist a large number of roles in patient care and many different public and private organizations† According to Prasad M. Jayaweera (University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka) the process oriented business ontologies are developed in customer centered manner in order to develop business systems applications to provide more and more value added services to target consumers. This trend is also valid in healthcare sector although there are some restrictions and limitations that can be noticed in Sri Lankan. 2. Patient Management System by Terrence Adam, BS Pharmacy MD PhD â€Å"Any tool used to assists in the delivery of clinical care from the point of care initiation to completion† According to Terrence Adam, interest in Patient Management Systems with prior experience as clinical user in pharmacy and medicine development and evaluation of a patient monitoring system use of secondary data for surveillance applications evaluation. It is for one stop source of information. 3. Computerized Health Records Management System for Kitagata Hospital â€Å"Health records management is such an important area in health care delivery because without proper records, planning is rendered difficult† According to Charles Namibara , the aim of his study was to build a computerized records management system that would be more effective and efficient than the existing manual system in Kitagata Hospital. This was done by looking at the existing health records management system , analysing its strong and weak points design and implementation of a new system. Interviews, observation and document reviews were tools used in data collection. MySQL database management system, Apache server, PHP scripting language embaded in HTML were used for design. Related Studies The review of related studies is an essential part of any investigation. The survey of the related studies is a crucial aspect of the planning of the study. The identification of a problem, tire development of a Research design and determination of the size and scope of the care and intensity with which a researcher has examined the literature related to the intended research. Local Studies 1. Clinical Information Management for Divine’s Clinic Malolos City â€Å"Our Journey towards the implementation of a Clinical information system to the Critical Care Environment† According to the above statement, there have been a significant advances in medical technology used in patient treatment and care. The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in an acute hospital is designed to treat the most complex and unstable medical and surgical patient. 2. A Comprehensive Online Clinic Management System â€Å"Online clinic management system are designed to immediately record the patients’ information† According to the Rosa Sta. Maria the main problem of Villa-Santarromana Dental Clinic is that they have the manual way on recording, tracking, and managing patients request which sometimes lead to slower transaction within the clients. This study was aimed to designed and develop an online clinic management solution that will serve as proposal to help the dentist and staff to save time and resources with the automation of its daily clinic operations. 3. Patient Profiling System WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY DENTAL CLINIC â€Å"Health is metabolic efficiency, sickness is metabolic deficiency† According to Ms. Venus Papilota Diaz, information technology student , that health is important. One place that we can rely on is the so called â€Å"Clinic† that provides primary aid and care that will eliminate or at least lessen up our difficulties when in pain. When the transaction of recording the patient’s information is more quickly it will help rapidly the medical staffs in their leverages to assist the Dentist to care for their patients. Synthesis The Computerized Treatment Report with Monitoring of Patient’s Ailment will help the school to enhance efficiency and will generate accurate report for the clinic. This system provides an authorization for the user to access the transaction like generating reports and monitoring the patients. View as multi-pages